The influence of the Vajrapāni on Japanese martial ideologies

Abstract

This study follows the relationship between the iconic warrior figure Vajrapāni, and two of its derived characters: Fudō Myō-ō and the Niō, as they influence the development of martial ideology in Japan, following the symbolic representations developed in India and the patterns of royal interactions developed in China, culminating in an analysis of modern martial relevance. Origin theories and symbolism are first addressed, to which I will add two observations pertaining to the Bharhut yavana the iconic warrior figure dating to the first century BCE and the cross-chest belt channavīra, as a symbol of warrior qualities. The integration of Fudō into the imperial and political spheres via Shingon Buddhist priest Amoghavajra in China, and the manner in which it was carried forward into Japan by Kūkai are examined. Vajrapāni extended from the imperial house within Japan and entwined with the several groups including the developing warrior class (bushi) and fighting monks, commonly known as Sōhei, as well as means of popular culture. This thesis demonstrates how the Vajrapāni and its derivative characters, have played a foundational role in the development of martial ideology in Japan, which was guided through features that were evident from the Vajrapāni’s origin, including imperial connection, liminality, bellicosity, transitional or liminal status, association with ‘necessary evil and popular appeal. It is the aim of this thesis to aid the depth of the bridging of ancient Buddhist symbolism and mythological meaning and current martial philosophy.